Spring 2012 Finalizing Projects

April 15, 2012

On Monday April 16 groups will present a brief overview of progress on the course projects. For each project, please prepare a project report that documents and illustrates your project. The reports need not be lengthy, but instead concise. These reports will be read by other faculty, and students interested in continuing the projects in future semesters.

Below find a series of project reports from previous courses and independent studies. Your project should be documented in a similar manner, and submitted as a Word document (so I can edit if need be).


Wed. Feb. 22: Ongoing Class Work

February 22, 2012

Batmoose

Some things to do:

  • Sign up for the Sustainability at OWU Facebook Page. There is lots of sustainability stuff going on on campus, and this page is one excellent way to keep on top of it. Also, watch for ideas and projects related to what you are doing for your project in class. So sign up as an easy class assignment!
  • Keep working on your course project. Please prepare a project overview formatted like the one here, for a project in the Spring 2011 course. Do this by Wednesday, February 29.
  • Keep working on the ArcGIS Tutorial. You should be through the tutorial by the end of this week (Friday February 24).
  • Complete the Delaware Data Inventory as soon as possible, but no later than next Wednesday (February 29). You need to complete this before doing the 2nd part of the take home mid term exam.
  • Get going on the Take Home Mid Term Exam. The first part is relatively easy, the second part can be a bit of a bear. Don’t put it off!

 

I am away tomorrow (Thursday February 23) through next tuesday (February 28th) at a conference. Email me if anything comes up.

 


Class Project: Sustainability Region / Green Action Trail

January 31, 2012

Digital print; assemblage of historic museum labels. Made by Rebecca Jewell while Artist in Residence on the Melanesia Project at the British Museum, 2006. (via British Museum)

•••••••••••••••

As indicated the first day of class, the course project in Geography 355 will be coming into focus as we brainstorm ideas in the context of previous work on the Delaware and Campus green maps, the sustainability region idea, and the green trail idea. Below are basic components of the project, as well as the results of student interests expressed in class, and our meeting with Sustainability Coordinator Sean Kinghorn.

After that, find a section (“Project: Sustainability Region & Green Action Trail”) where I try and pull together a plan for the project this semester. Hopefully students can find some aspect of this project that fits their interests and abilities. We will discuss Wednesday in class, after the reading presentations.

•••••••••••••••

Course Project

General Context: Sustainable Region | Green Mapping OWU | Delaware (map & map)

Green Trail + Habitats + sites (brochure map and map back and proposal)

Sustainability Region Initial Draft Proposal (PDF)

•••••••••••••••

Sustainability Region & Green Action Trail: Revised Draft for NSF Grant

We propose a sustainability region, encompassing Ohio Wesleyan University and Delaware Ohio, arrayed with a system of research “action” locations linked by a pedagogical green action trail. Our project seeks to enhance the understanding of science by non-science Environmental Studies majors, to enhance the understanding of social factors by science Environmental Studies majors, to ensure substantive theory-into-practice research experiences for all Environmental Studies majors, and to contribute to the sustainability of the OWU campus and the city of Delaware.

I. The Idea of a Sustainability Region

  • Sustainability
  • Campus and City Sustainability
  • The Regional Concept of Sustainability
  • Anthropogenic Biomes, Urban Ecosystems, Political Ecology
  • City of Delaware, Ohio & Ohio Wesleyan University Sustainability Region
  • geography & ecology of the sustainability region
  • partners & progress on sustainability
  • motivations

II. Pedagogical Issues: Undergraduate Education

  • STEM
  • Interdisciplinary Environmental Programs

III. Interdisciplinary Environmental Programs & Sustainability

  • Environmental Studies at Ohio Wesleyan
  • history & goals of program
  • need for engaged, research or practical experience as part of major
  • ties to curricular initiatives: theory-into-practice
  • natural science + environmental studies majors: understand the importance of the social / human context of science in practice
  • social science / humanities / arts + environmental studies majors: understand the importance of natural science in practice
  • Enhancing ES Major with sustainability in practice
  • joint sustainability and student research coordinator
  • collaborate with faculty to provide all Environmental Studies students with a 1-2 semester sustainability project in the sustainability region. Project budgets and stipends.
  • projects contribute to regional sustainability and include
  • real data collection and analysis
  • implementation of action plan for sustainability
  • engagement in environmental practice, with faculty and environmental professionals

IV. Green Action Locations

  • locations of data collection and monitoring within region: focus of student engagement
  • linked to sustainability issues, faculty, campus, and city interest
  • equipment: remote sensors, field monitors, app data collection, etc. Low to high tech.
  • long term monitoring and assessment of sustainability practice impacts
  • data funneled through a database / web server (Ohio Link? OWU Libraries/Info Services)

V. Green Action Trail

  • marked trail linking green action locations
  • tours, K-12 education, exercise, “destination science”

•••••••••••••••

Project: Sustainability Region & Green Action Trail

Given the in-class ideas and brainstorming, I propose that we proceed on the course project through the steps outlined below. In essence, we are building upon the existing Green Trail project and feeding into the Sustainability Region research proposal. Ultimately, I envision a network of locations for monitoring and ongoing student/faculty research as well as class activities, connected by marked trails that will allow OWU to highlight it’s commitment to sustainability, the environment, student research, engagement, and action.

Consider the campus/Delaware area as a sustainability region: what kinds of habitats (ecological and human) are there and what are their characteristics? What kind of data do we have now, related to sustainability and the environment? What are the range of “action” locations throughout the sustainability region? How are they or can they be monitored? How to connect these locations to existing trails and provide access to them? How do we provide access to the information?

(1) and (4) below will take a person or two each, possibly with some skills for carrying out the tasks (in consultation with Krygier and other faculty/staff)

(2) and (3) below can be divided up among the rest of the people in the class. I grouped the “action” locations into categories, possibly corresponding to student interest areas (social/human, science, environmental, etc.)

(5) and (6) are issues Krygier will work on.

With the issues in 1, 2, and 3 below in mind, read this article on anthropogenic biomes, which, in essence, incorporates humans in ecological studies. This is an important intellectual component of our “sustainability region.” Please blog your notes on the reading, as well as how the reading can help us to develop and refine the class project. You can also google the term (anthropogenic biomes) and see if you can find other projects or ideas that will help to shape our project. Please be as particular as possible, in your blog posting, in modifying or adding to the issues outlined below in 1, 2, and 3.

1. Sustainability Region Habitats: Revise map of habitat types:

  • expand to entire city of Delaware (or most of it)
  • evaluate existing habitats and modify if necessary
  • develop a series of urban habitats (instead of just “gray spaces”)
  • classifying humans (what categories? habitats)
  • consult with OWU faculty (ecology, geography, etc.)
  • Julian Kusin, John Reierson (+ Krygier)

2. Sustainability & Environmental Data: Gather existing data related to environment and sustainability

  • real-time data
  • non-real-time data
  • potential data collection/monitoring
  • monitors which allow pre/post evaluation of sustainability efforts
  • monitors which allow competitive sustainability contests (eg., two dorms compete to cut down on energy usage)
  • range of human and environmental activities
  • consult with Sean Kinghorn
  • consult with city of Delaware
  • consult with OWU faculty
  • consult with Delaware environmental people (Sustainable Delaware)

3. Revise map “action” locations

  • monitoring or data collection locations
  • research sites
  • important environmental phenomena
  • exemplars of different habitat types
  • urban and natural areas
  • ongoing projects and potential projects
  • Action locations tied to Delaware Schools, kids
  • humans, animals, plants, water, air, geology, etc.
  • develop green “trading cards” idea
  • consult with OWU faculty
  • consult with Delaware environmental people (Sustainable Delaware)
Examples of “Action” Locations:
Atmosphere: Weather, Climate, Air
  • weather monitoring station w/real-time data collection
  • air quality monitoring: outside
  • air quality monitoring: inside (Sci Center Atrium)
  • impacts of climate warming monitoring
Hydrosphere
  • Christina Fesz, Xandi Titus
  • Delaware Run: water monitoring (agricultural and lawn run-off)
  • City of Delaware water: real-time data collection (?)
  • Retention ponds (Meeks, new Delaware YMCA)
  • Sulfur spring monitoring
  • ground water / well monitoring
  • Water runoff monitoring (buildings, pavement)
  • Locations for rain gardens (Wilmer ditch)
  • Wetlands preservation, monitoring
  • Delaware Run restoration (Sandusky St. to Olentangy River)
Lithosphere
  • soils
Energy & Utilities
  • Silas Jolliff, Sam Newman, Adam Pinkerton, Jon Rux, Mason Tice, Keegan Varner
  • wind turbine w/real-time data collection (proposal here)
  • Solar energy issues and data; real-time data collection potential (Sam Newman)
  • Campus building energy usage: real-time data collection
  • Campus and Delaware Map of Energy Usage: like this NYC Map
  • Campus water and sewer use: data
  • Campus gas use: data
  • Geothermal monitoring (Meeks)
Waste & Recycling
  • Reed Callahan, Zack Khalifa
  • Campus garbage: data
  • Recycling locations: assess and collect data
  • Food waste locations: assess and collect data
  • paper usage (track by rate/program)
  • plastic bottled water sales (track at different locations; relate to hydration station)
Biosphere: plants, animals
  • Christina Fesz, Xandi Titus
  • Delaware Run: wildlife monitoring (bird counts, fish, etc.)
  • Delaware Run: plant monitoring
  • Tree monitoring: carbon sequestration by city trees, arboretum trees
  • Invasive species monitoring
  • Linear habitats to encourage wildlife movement
  • Monitor feral cats
Biosphere: humans
  • Amy Carr, Sophie-Helen Kiendl
  • Green business assessment: how to assess and collect data?
  • Human health assessment: how to measure, where? Delaware Health Department
  • Campus transport: monitor cars in Selby lot (vs walkers)
  • Parks: data on usage
  • Census and other demographic data
4. Green Action Trail: Develop a series of trails to connect the “action” locations
  • investigate access issues
  • connect to existing recreational trails
  • time to walk, kinetics
  • markers
  • potential users: existing students, staff, faculty, prospective students, Delaware City Schools

5. Paper / Poster Maps:

  • Revise existing poster maps to reflect an OWU “look.”
  • Revise 11×17 Sustainability Region and Green Action Trail map.

6. Online Map: Develop interactive map of sustainability region with above data and information


W J 24: The Geographic Analysis Process: Mitchell ch. 1

January 24, 2012

Mitchell: The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, ch. 1

GIS technology 30 years old

Good for making maps: but can do more than that: GIS Analysis

  • learn new things, help make decisions
  • maps result from GIS analysis: have important impact (visual)

Why GIS might not be used:

  • lack of data (changing rapidly, but still a problem)
  • difficult software (but now easy interfaces; still complex though)
  • lack of understanding about GIS analysis (the book)
  • where are things in geographic space?
  • mapping variations in amount: least and most
  • mapping density
  • finding what is inside
  • finding what is nearby
  • mapping change

What is GIS Analysis?

GIS Analysis as a process

  • simple visual analysis to complex digital modeling
  • akin to the research process

1. Frame the Question:

  • where are endangered ecosystems in Delaware County?
  • where are potential recreational trail corridors in Delaware County?
  • how can viable OWU food waste be efficiently distributed to area food banks?
  • where does the food sold on campus come from, and what are the consequences of our consumption of these foods?
  • who is your audience?  what is your final goal?


2. Understand your Data

  • what is the context of your question?  who are the experts?  literature, people
  • what do you have to know about the context of the question to answer it?
  • what is an endangered ecosystem?  what are specific examples?
  • what are the goals of recreational trails?  what do they connect?
  • how is food waste reuse assessed and how is it collected?
  • what or who can help you to understand the issue: literature, people

3. Choose a Method

  • what data is available to help answer your question?  cost? compatibility?
  • what data do you have to generate yourself? easy vs. difficult vs impossible

4. Process the Data: specific analysis

  • ex) generate endangered areas by comparing areas defined as important ecosystems to their closeness to recent development
  • ex) generate potential trails by generating important points and areas to connect; and determining feasible paths between those points; relate potential trails to property ownership and other factors
  • ex) generate a plan for distributing food waste from campus to area food banks
  • ex) analyze the global impact of specific food consumption on campus

5. Look at the Results

  • generate a map (with a database) and use it to present results
  • ex) map of endangered ecosystems in Delaware Co: distribute to ??
  • ex) map of potential trails in Delaware Co.: planners, bike clubs, etc.
  • ex) a map that guides distribution of OWU food waste
  • ex) map of the global impact of what we eat
  • vital part of the process: communication and advocacy
  • Simple in concept; complex in application!

Understanding Geographic Features

  • we reduce the complexity of the real world in order to collect data and map it

A feature: “something inherent and distinctive”

Types of features (mappable data)

1. Discrete Features: at any location, the feature is there or is not there

  • point, line, and area example: p. 12
  • corresponds to vector data structure in most GIS programs

2. Continuous Features: feature is everywhere in varying amounts

  • ex) temperature
  • ex) elevation
  • ex) soil or bedrock (Delaware Data)

3) Features Summarized by Area: census or count data

  • define an area; count features in the area; assign total to the area
  • know how many features in an area, but not where they are in the area
    ex) US Census data, animal census

Two Ways of Representing Geographic Features

1) Vector: points, lines, and areas

  • each point has a unique location in a coordinate system: latitude/longitude
  • points connect to make lines
  • series of points, connected to make lines, which close are areas

2) Raster: grid of varying resolution with cells

  • air photo

Different data structures; can be related in GIS but generated differently and stored and processed differently.

Map Projections and Coordinate Systems

Review from Geog 222 or 353

  • coordinate systems: based on the idea of a graph
  • locations in geographic space: x, y
  • latitude longitude vs state plane coordinate system
  • coordinate layers of GIS information
  • map projection
  • 3D earth to 2D map
  • distortions inherent in process (shape, area)
  • distortions less evident at detailed scales
  • but GIS layers must have same map projection or will not align properly

Understanding Geographic Attributes

  • a geographic feature (point, line, area) has one or more attributes
  • ex) area is a vernal pool, it is 1 acre, it is on private property (3 attributes)

Types of attribute values

  • categories: qualitative
  • ex) vernal pool (area) vs river (line)

Ranks: quantitative with order

  • ex) water quality: high, medium, low

Counts and amounts: quantitative, total numbers

  • ex) 35 robins in one nature reserve, 67 in a second reserve

Ratios: relationship between two quantities

  • ex) people per household in census tracts in Delaware county

Data tables: the ‘database’ or spreadsheet where the feature attributes are found

  • ex) select all properties in Delaware County that are residential land use
  • ex) calculate and summarize the total value of all properties a proposed trail crosses

Course Project Ideas

  • apply Mitchell’s process of GIS Analysis to project

zoom

General Context: Green Mapping OWU | Delaware (map & map)

Focus: Green Trail / Campus Habitats (plants, animals, humans) / Environmental Monitoring

Green Trail + Habitats + sites (brochure map and map back and proposal)

Environmental Monitoring

Michelle Lee (Stap student) searched using the keywords “environmental monitoring outdoor” and found some key concepts:

  • human health - the importance of current research (Gak Map one  two  three  report)
  • pollution -
  • ecology -
  • measurable quantities -
  • wireless equipment or remote sensing -
  • network of sensors - important for a study of patterns and variation, thus important for significance of findings
  • real-time monitoring - large data set implies difficulty analyzing the results (also flexibility interpreting the data), but its advantage lies in relevance to our daily lives (people can easily identify with it), in its applicability, as well as in its robustness (realistic setting reduces data misinterpretation)
  • indoor (microenvironment) VS outdoor (microclimate - immediately around a building, where people congregate such that features of the place has a high human impact)
  • biotic (involving animals, plants and human participants or research subjects) VS abiotic (chemical measurements)
  • monetary investment
  • statistical analysis and significance - choices choices choices, and implications

Some useful websites include

Student comments on project ideas

  • agricultural issues
  • solar
  • light sensors (inside and outside)
  • sustainable planning
  • Green Business assessment
  • Logistics / Business
  • Trail Development
  • Wind Turbine
  • weather
  • Kids & environment, “environmental deficit disorder”
  • Kids & health and environment
  • Kinetics
  • Health issues
  • Food supply
  • University Nature Preserves

Sustainability at OWU | Sean Kinghorn

  • Easy access to data on what OWU has done with regards to sustainability
  • interactive map linked to data
  • future: modeling
  • real-time electric use in Science Center: soon (and in other buildings)
  • natural gas usage
  • water / sewer usage
  • academic vs residential split in garbage removal
  • recycling: all goes to same place
  • food waste / compost
  • inventory of motion / occupancy sensors



M J 23: Geospatial Analysis text: Intro + Conceptual Frameworks

January 22, 2012

Technology shapes how we do things…stairs vs slides in buildings.

Geospatial Analysis – A Comprehensive Guide

Notes and examples on “Introduction & Terminology” and “Conceptual Frameworks for Spatial Analysis.”

Jargon!

Introduction & Terminology

1. On applications

2. GIS, Spatial Analysis, and Software

3. Terminology & Definitions

Conceptual Frameworks for Spatial Analysis

The Geospatial Perspective: “a distinct perspective on the world, a unique lens through which to examine events, patterns, and processes that operate on or near the surface of our planet.”

The domain of geospatial analysis is the surface of the Earth, extending upwards in the analysis of topography and the atmosphere, and downwards in the analysis of groundwater and geology. In scale it extends from the most local, when archaeologists record the locations of pieces of pottery to the nearest centimetre or property boundaries are surveyed to the nearest millimetre, to the global, in the analysis of sea surface temperatures or global warming. In time it extends backwards from the present into the analysis of historical population migrations, the discovery of patterns in archaeological sites, or the detailed mapping of the movement of continents, and into the future in attempts to predict the tracks of hurricanes, the melting of the Greenland ice-cap, or the likely growth of urban areas.

Geospatial Analysis: what happens where, and makes use of geographic information that links features and phenomena on the Earth’s surface to their locations.

1. Basic “Primitives”

  • place: complicated concept: Wikipedia
  • attributes: “any recorded characteristic or property of a place” + measurement levels (qualitative, quantitative) + examples in ArcGIS
  • objects: raster (images) & vector (points, lines, areas) below (from Making Maps):

rastervector

justscale generalization

2. Spatial Relationships

  • co-location: poverty and riots or mammography and income or curious bugs.
  • distance and direction: garbage pickup (network analysis)
  • spatial context: more or less the same as co-location
  • neighborhood: defining a neighborhood (buffer) in GIS and viewsheds & Civil War viewsheds.
  • spatial heterogeneity: “The results of any analysis over a limited area can be expected to change as that limited area is relocated, and to be different from the results that would be obtained for the surface of the Earth as a whole.”  In essence, places are complicated and prediction from place to place difficult.
  • spatial dependence: even though places are complicated: Tobler’s “First Law of Geography”: “All things are related, but nearby things are more related than distant things.”  Example: Bike trails and property values
  • spatial sampling: weather map and terrain:

contours

  • spatial interpolation: filling in between known data

polation

  • smoothing and sharpening (generalization; see above)

3. Spatial Statistics

4. Spatial Data Infrastructure

metadata1

  • Interoperability: standards for spatial data (so everything works together): OGC

…All this jargon…

headache


W J 18: GIS & GIS Applications I: Schuurman ch 1

January 17, 2012

1. Readings

Schuurman ch. 1, “Geography Matters”

Introducing the Identities of GIS

The Success of GIS: is it now what Geography is?  A ubiquitous technology / computing (example)

“This book is designed to inform the reader about precisely how GIS affects them as well as myriad social processes” (1)

  • a more human & social approach to technology, intellectual rather than only technological

The problem of GIS and geography: love/hate

  • GIS as one way of understanding “geography” – other approaches may be lost in the dust
  • quantitative vs. qualitative methods
  • epistemology: The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, its presuppositions and foundations, and its extent and validity.  How we know.
  • Many approaches to the study of Geography (particularly in the cultural, social, human realm) are not that amenable to GIS.

The Identity of GIS: What Is It?

Delware County Ohio: DALIS Project: a tool for storing complex data; practical problem solving

  • what is where: data input, analysis, output

“PsychoGeography” maps / Mental Maps

  • a different what and where it is
  • weird stuff

Delaware Recreational Trails

  • what is most important when locating a recreational trail?
  • logic of quantitative methods for optimizing, or qualitative data used to anticipate how people will react (and why)?  Epistemological issues!
  • Delaware Trails research paper (PDF)

Where Does GIS Come From?

  • 1960s era technology and epistemology

McHarg and the GIS “overlay” method: locating a road: pre-computer era

  • encode in a computer: technology and a particular way of knowing
  • what is not taken into account in this approach
  • spatial analysis: a means of extracting information (knowledge) from data
  • let a computer do what McHarg did
  • maps allow us to see raw data, or interact with data as we are analyzing it, or show the results of what we did
  • 1950s-60s: development of computational analysis and spatial analysis tools
  • wed technology to methods of knowing

The Messy Business of Digging for Roots: GIS’s Intellectual Antecedents

Examples of the Precursors of GIS: technology is easy, epistemology not

  • ex) certain kinds of data easier to collect and analyze and map, they seem more intuitive maybe because they are what we are used to doing.
  • ex) Historians reluctance to use GIS: Historical GIS

What does GIS stand for?

  • definitions describe technology (systems; application): GIS(ystems) = GIS
  • hard/software for data input, analysis, output
  • “black box:” assume the methods in the software are legitimate, don’t question or think about what is going on in the box
  • definitions describing methods and process (science; theory): GIS(cience) = GISci
  • origin of the methods, critique of the methods, new methods
  • conceptual models of geographic space, sphericity of the real world vs. flat world of GIS,
  • uncertainty and error, analytical methodologies, cognitive aspects.
  • also Participatory GIS, Critical Cartography & GIS: myriad of human/social issues
  • justifying and shaping an intellectual/academic role in GIS
  • myriad of issues of intellectual importance (that one may not think about at all if only approaching GIS as black box technology).
  • epistemology (how we know)
  • ontology (what the world must be like in order to be known): in GIS, points, lines, areas… is that what the world is like? Or what it is like in order for us to understand it?
  • Maps (as part of GIS) complicate things even more: example) species range maps (what is a range? a species?)

  • does geography (and its concepts/theories) drive GIS, or does GIS drive geography?  Debates in the field.

Data in, Information Out: Common Ground between GISys and GISci

GISys and GISci hard to differentiate in practice

  • ex) data classification: the categories we put things into
  • ex) house: what defines what a house is?  Is an apartment a house?  A dorm?  A condo?  A long-term residential hotel?  The kind of issue both Sys and Sci people have to deal with
  • ex) boundaries: complexity in drawing: neighborhood boundaries have to be drawn if you are using GIS, but where to draw them?  How do you define a neighborhood (which is a classification of place)
  • visualization: using intuition and knowledge to see patterns and connections:
    different epistemological approach – visual, not analytical.
  • Dr Snow example: Broad St. pump and cholera p. 15

Geography Matters

2. Your Introductions & Interesting GIS application (w/examples)

  • Major, year, experience with mapping & GIS, hobbies, future goals, favorite goat breeds, etc.

3. Next Time

  • see course schedule
  • after class: blog clean-up and questions

Geography 355 GIS Blog Updated for Spring 2012!

January 15, 2012


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